Владимир Даль: Толковый словарь


Кафедра прикладной математики и кибернетики ПетрГУ	Кафедра русской литературы ПетрГУ	Проект выполнен при поддержке РГНФ	Проект «Электронный словарь языка В. И. Даля»

Введите словоформу для поиска в текстах словарных статей Толкового словаря:

Выберите букву, с которой начинается слоформа:
А Б В Г Д Е Ж З И I К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ы Ѣ Э Ю Я Ѳ Ѵ

Заголовок словарной статьи
Карточки
Конкордансы
Словарные статьи

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ОПЫТЪ ОБЛАСТНАГО ВЕЛИКОРУССКАГО СЛОВАРЯ, ИЗДАННАГО ВТОРЫМЪ ОТДЕЛЕНIЕМЪ ИМПЕРАТОРСКОЙ АКАДЕМIЕЙ НАУКЪ ВЪ 1852 Г.

Одного этого признака достаточно для отличiя смоленскаго нарѣчiя отъ новгородскаго, владимiрскаго и даже отъ московскаго; но надо искать другихъ, для отличiя его отъ рязанскаго, новороссiйскаго, донскаго;

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2) Господство, послѣ а, звука у, который часто замѣняетъ о, в и даже л: ва̀укъ, ву́ыкъ — волкъ; узяуся — взялся; тутъ на у должно послѣ гласной ставить кратку (щ), какъ у насъ на и. 3) Предлогъ съ произносится зъ.

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4) Слѣдующiя за шипящими, за ц, р, двугласныя (е, ѣ, я, ю) обращаются въ гласныя простыя или твердыя (а, у): жыць, жыта, цыпаць (цѣпать), трэсць (трясти), шыть, шыло, граховъ вмѣсто грѣховъ, трабу́хъ вмѣсто требуха, кручокъ и пр. 5) Есть наклонность, хотя и не общая, къ замѣнѣ мягкаго ль твердымъ л: па́лцы, калцо́.

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7) Гласныя о, у, въ началѣ словъ, всегда имѣютъ передъ собою в. Болѣе или менѣе общiя съ рязанскимъ нарѣчiемъ свойства: г передъ гласною обращается въ придыханiе (h) и вообще никогда не произносится круто;

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окончанiя аго, его, яго произносятся какъ пишутся, не измѣняя г на в; обращенiе е, ѣ въ и или я, на что даютъ слѣдующее правило: коли первая гласная послѣ е, ѣ будетъ у съ ударенiемъ, то первые измѣняются въ я: ня бу́ду, пабягу́, пятухъ;

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если же другая гласная, либо у безъ ударенiя, то въ и: ни гука́й, пируномъ (а съ удар. на у, пяру́нъ), питушокъ; если же буквы у нѣтъ вовсе или она въ третьемъ слогѣ отъ ударенiя, въ полугласныхъ (съ краткой), то ѣ, е обращаются въ и передъ а, я, — передъ прочими же гласными въ я: ниукавы́рный, ниугамо́нный, няуко̀мъ–жа давъ.

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Но если, въ этомъ же случаѣ, въ слогѣ за полугласной у слѣдуетъ опять у, то е, ѣ обращаются въ и: ни упусци́. Такимъ–образомъ, кажется, Смоляне не знаютъ разницы между е, ѣ, и буква эта въ какой–то связи съ любимымъ ихъ звукомъ у.

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Даютъ, впрочемъ, и другое правило, можетъ–быть болѣе вѣрное: коли послѣдующiй слогъ подъ ударенiемъ, то е, ѣ переходятъ въ я, а послѣ ц, р, ш, щ, ч — въ а.

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Если же въ слогѣ подъ ударенiемъ будетъ а, я, то е, ѣ переходятъ въ и, а послѣ ц, р, ш, щ, ч — въ ы. Замѣчательно склоненiе сло́ва дитя: И. Дзяцё. Р. дзиця́. Д. дзяцю́. В. дзяцё. Тв. дзяцёй. Пр. о дзяцѣ́. Относительно дзѣканья замѣтимъ слѣдующiя правила: Если, за д слѣдуетъ гласная мягкая (двугласная), то говорятъ дзень, лю́дзи, дзнёмъ, дзвѣ, дзля–чаго; а также, если при д находится ь: будзь, грудзь, судьзба, вѣ́дзьма.

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Множ. число оканчивается на ы, и; другихъ окончанiй (а, я) не знаютъ: гла́зы, вухи, круччы, волосьси; до́брыи, чорныи (черные, я), дарагiи, харо́шiи. Сущ. на ь м. р. мн. ч. въ род. пад. оканчиваютъ на ёвъ: гасцёвъ (гостей), дзнёвъ.